Makeover

A makeover is a term applied to changing one's appearance, sometimes through cosmetics. Makeovers can range from something as simple as a new haircut, to the use of cosmetic surgery, to the extreme of the implantation of dental veneers, eye-color-changing contact lenses, and the use of appearance-altering gastric bypass surgeries, providing massive, permanent fat loss in obese persons, and the associated plastic surgeries, such as abdominoplasty, to eliminate the resulting loose-hanging skin folds (the "panniculus").

A make under is based on the opposite principle - removing artificial enhancements to a person's appearance to give a more 'natural' look.

Fashion Makeover

A fashion makeover is an overhaul of a person's image, clothing and fashion sense. Some people, after an extended period of time, continue to wear the same clothing even when the clothes are no longer working for them. The clothing may be severely outdated, not fit the person's body properly or the colors may make the person appear less than stellar. It is at this point that the person may consider doing an entire fashion makeover.

This change is not going to affect just the person's look; it can actually have an effect on several other areas of life, from career to relationships. A fashion makeover can give a boost to a person's confidence level. After dressing and looking the same for a long time, a big change can be just what someone needs to feel better about herself.

An easy way to know if a fashion makeover is necessary is to enlist the help of loved ones. Their outside perspective may be able to offer more insight. Another way is to go through the entire wardrobe and evaluate when the last time there was clothing purchased. If it is a distant memory, it may be time to do a bit of shopping.

Few Makeover Artists Name And Details

Farzana Shakil

Farzana Shakil is one of Bangladesh's most celebrated beauty experts and arguably the country's most sought-after makeover artist. Her makeovers have been acclaimed at home and abroad. She has an unrivalled reputation in bridal makeup.  She has trained in India, Pakistan and Thailand and participated in numerous beauty and grooming workshops conducted by internationally reputed experts from Asia an d Europe. Farzana Shakil draws her makeover inspiration from the works of the late Kevyn Aucoin, who she greatly admires. She has carved a niche for herself in the beauty industry both home and abroad. She has authored LOOKS, Bangladesh's first and only English book on fashion and beauty. LOOKS got rave review in Bangladesh as well as India. She is also a contributing editor for an Indian magazine where her makeovers have been published. Her clients include not only the mainstream beauty conscious women but also the who's who of the corporate and celebrity world. She has been involved in various beauty pageants and was singularly instrumental in transforming the looks of participants in Bangladesh's leading talent show Close Up 1 for the past two years. She has conducted workshops on personal grooming and image enhancement for over 2000 working women, housewives, students, and all the other beauty and fashion conscious.

Kaniz Almas Khan

Kaniz Almas Khan, CEO of Persona, a renowned makeover artist, beauty specialist and successful woman entrepreneur in Bangladesh. She has discovered people's beauty in a new dimension which turned her into a successful Woman Entrepreneur in Bangladesh.

Now Persona is an organization which provides world class beauty care services with all new features that anyone can ever dream off in Bangladesh. Whoever thought about a beauty parlor with a management team, executives, service providers and many other stake holders? The visionary of this vision is Kaniz Almas Khan.

Journey of Persona

Like other successful entrepreneurs in the world, Kaniz Almas Khan had a long-term vision which is enabling Persona to grow rapidly.

1990 - 1998
Beginning of journey as Glamour.
1998 - 2002
Starting of Persona with 12 performers working in 1800 sqft.
2002

Extension of Persona with 50 performers working in 3800 sqft.
2002 - 2004
Growth of Persona with 100 performers working in 3800 sqft.
2005

Introducing the largest beauty care facility in Asia with around 200 performers
working in 11000 sqft with Studio Persona.

Tree is growing
A global standard fashion magazine named Canvas, which is a sister concern of Persona.
Very first male beauty care center named Persona Adams.
A joint venture beauty care center of Persona with famous Indian beauty care specialist Jawed Habib named Habibs @ Persona.
Persona is going to open a Gym named Persona Health.
Persona has introduced Studio Persona, a fully equipped modern photo studio in its premise.
Persona has already introduced a Spa center named Persona Spa.
Persona has just launched Persona Institute of beauty and life style, the first ever institute of its kind in Bangladesh. It is an approved center of Edexcel International UK to offer BTEC Diploma in Bangladesh.

Mahmuda Aktar Hamonti

Hamonti, a herbal therapist & make up artist. She have done so many bridal make ups & ramp shows for last 3 years. She is 26 years old lady. finished her graduate  on marketing from well reputed university in Dhaka. She want to do international works on make up & herbal therapy. She have done “my make up” diploma from Epique institution in dhaka & short course from epro international online education. She think practical & creative knowledge is far effective than theoretical knowledge.

Make-up service: Wedding, Photo & Fashion, Artistic, Special Effects, Asian, Makeover, TV & Film, Arabic, Beauty, Courses, Celebrity

References

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-fashion-makeover.htm

https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10152272244980507.920201.117977770506&type=3

http://bd.linkedin.com/pub/kaniz-almas-khan/51/280/64

http://www.makeupartistdirectory.com/service/13/1977/Makeover/Dhaka/Bangladeshhttp://adf.ly/Q7FQr

Television (TV) is a telecommunication means of transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome (black-and-white) or tinted, with or without accompanying sound. “Television” may also refer particularly to a television set, television encoding, or television transmission. The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek derivation, meaning “far sight”: Greek tele, far, and Latin visio, sight (from video, vis- to see, or to view in the first person).Commercially presented since the late 1920s, the television set has become usual in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a means of transportation for advertising, a source of entertainment, and news. Since the 1970s the availability of video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs, have resulted in the television set commonly being used for screening recorded as well as broadcast material.

The media of Bangladesh refers to the print, broadcast and online mass media available in Bangladesh. The Constitution guarantees press autonomy and autonomy of expression within “reasonable restriction”, though some media outlets have been stressed. The Bangladeshi media is ranked at 136th out of 178 countries on the Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index, with 1st being most free. The media in Bangladesh is a mix of government-owned and private media. There are still criminal penalties for slander, insult and agitation as well as reporting on national security issues. Reporters can be held for up to 90 days without trial under the 1974 Special Powers Act. Media restrictions have usually increased during periods of political turmoil. Reporters without Borders have accused the army of targeting journalists and enforcing suppression.

The first television signal broadcast in Bangladesh was in 1964 by the state-owned television network BTV. From then onwards BTV had a virtual monopoly until the late 1990s. Ever since then a number of stations had arrived. Many have also close down in the process.

Terrestrial networks: Bangladesh Television (BTV): State-owned, Language: Bengali, Established in March 1965, Sangsad TV: State Owned, Language: Bengali, Established in January 2011.

Satellite networks: ATN Bangla: Private, Language: Bengali, Entertainment channel, established in July 15, 1998, WASA Bhaban, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka, Banglavision: Private, Language: Bengali, Entertainment channel, established in 2005, Dhaka, BTV World: State Owned, Language: Bengali, Entertainment, established in 2005, Rampura, Dhaka, Channel I: Private, Language:  Bengali, Entertainment channel, established in 1999,Dhaka,Desh TV: Private, Language: Bengali, Entertainment channel, established in March 26, 2009, Malibag, Dhaka,Diganta Television: Private, language: Bengali, Entertainment channel, established in 2007, Purana Paltan, Dhaka, Ekushey Television: Private, Language: Bengali, Entertainment channel, established in April 14, 2000, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka, Islamic TV: Private, Language: Bengali, Religious channel, 2007, Hatirpul, Dhaka, NTV: Private, language: Bengali , Entertainment channel, 2003, Karwan Bazar, Dhaka, RTV: Private, language: Bengali, Entertainment channel, established in 2005, Karwan Bazar, Dhaka, Mohona TV: Private, language: Bengali, Entertainment channel, 2010, Mirpur, Dhaka, ATN News: Private, language: Bengali, 24 hour News and current affairs channel, 2010, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka, Channel 9: Private,language: Bengali, Entertainment, established in 2010,Tejgaon, Dhaka, Independent Television: Private, Language: Bengali, 24 Hours News Channel, established in 2010, Tejgaon, Dhaka.

Newspapers of Bangladesh

A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing information of current events, informative articles, diverse features, editorials, and advertising. It commonly is printed on relatively reasonably priced, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The wide-reaching recession of 2008, joint with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious beg off in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations.

Newspapers published in Bangladesh are authored in either Bengali or English language. Most Bangladeshi daily newspapers are serious-minded newspapers, usually printed in broadsheets. Very few daily tabloids exist. All major daily newspapers now have a free online version. Daily newspapers in Bangladesh are published in the capital Dhaka as well as in each regional major city such as Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal, etc. All daily newspapers are morning editions; there are no evening editions in Bangladesh.

Bangladeshi newspapers for information on local issues, politics, events, celebrations, people and business. Looking for accommodation, shopping, bargains and weather then this is the place to start. Information about holidays, vacations, resorts, real estate and property together with finance, stock market and investments reports; also look for theater, movies, culture, entertainment, activities and events all covered in newspapers from Bangladesh.

Bengali-language newspapers: Ajker Kagoj, Amar Desh, Amader Shomoy, Azad, Bhorer Kagoj, Daily Inqilab,Daily Naya Diganta, Jaijaidin, Janakantha, Jugantor, Manabzamin Prothom Alo, Samakal, Daily Ittefaq, The Daily Sangram, Kaler kantho.

English Newspapers: The Daily Independent, New age, The Bangladesh Observer, The Daily Star, The Financial Express, etc.

Monthly newspapers and magazines: Forum, ICE Today, Perspective, etc.

Online Newspapers from Bangladesh:

The Daily Star (English) : http://www.thedailystar.net/ Dhaka, Daily Features: News – Local; News – National; News – International; Business; Editorial; Politics; Sports,

The Independent (English): http://independent-bangladesh.com/ Dhaka; Global Amitech; Daily,Features: News – Local; News – National; Sports; Politics; Business; News – International; Editorial,

Janakantha (Bangla) :http://www.dailyjanakantha.com/ daily,

The Daily Ittefaq (Bangla): http://www.ittefaq.com, daily,

The Daily Jugantor (Bangla):http://www.dailyjugantor.com/tuesday/ Daily

The New Nation (English) : http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/ , Dhaka; Robbar Publications; Daily , Features: News – Local; News – National; Editorial; Business; Sports; News – International; Features/Lifestyles

News from Bangladesh (English) :http://www.bangladesh-web.com/news/ , Dhaka; Global Amitech; Daily , Features: News – National; Sports; Business; Education; News – International; News – Local; Weather; Politics

Prothom Alo (Bangla): http://www.prothom-alo.com/ daily,

The Bangladesh Observer (English):http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com,

Daily Manabzamin: http://www.dailymanabzamin.com, daily,

The Daily Inqulab: http://www.dailyinqilab.com, daily,

The Weekly Holiday: http://www.weeklyholiday.net, weekly,

Weekly Jaijaidin (Bangla): http://www.jaijaidinweekly.com/ weekly,

Computer Tomorrow (Bangla): http://www.computertomorrow.com/ monthly

News Agency and Service in Bangladesh: Bangladesh based newspaper published from Bangladesh. Provides national and world news, sports, technology, travel, agriculture, showbiz and more. Newspaper archive is available. Example: Bdnews24, Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS), BD64, Dhaka News Room, the Editor, E-Bangladesh, LiveNewsBD, OnlineBDnews, SNNBD, Taranga News Service, UNB.

Bangladesh’s tribal inhabitants consisted of 897,828 peoples, just over 1 percent of the total inhabitants, at the time of the 1981 census. The Bangladeshi population is comparatively homogeneous and consists of about 98% ethnic Bengali as well as a variety of tribal groups, generally in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and in the regions of Mymensingh, Sylhet, and Rajshahi. The greater part of the tribal population (778,425) lived in rural areas, where many practiced shifting farming. Most tribal people were of SinoTibetan descent and had idiosyncratic Mongoloid features. They spoke Tibeto-Burman languages. In the mid-1980s, the percentage allocation of tribal population by religion was Hindu 24, Buddhist 44, Christian 13, and others 19.

Urdu speaking people: There are approximately 300,000 Urdu-speaking people in Bangladesh, considered as refugees from the 1947 religious riots in Eastern India. They were Muslims and sought refuge in East Pakistan, and were settled Pakistani citizenship. However, this status became disputed once East Pakistan seceded to become Bangladesh. They are casually referred to as Biharis because most of them are from the Indian state of Bihar; a formal term is “Stranded Pakistani”.

The Chakmas: The Chakmas are the biggest tribe of Bangladesh. The Chakmas are of mixed derivation but replicate more Bengali influence than any other tribe. The Chakmas commonly lived in the highland valleys. a good number Chakmas are Buddhists, but some practice Hinduism or animism. The Chakmas ( Chakma or ), also known as the Changma, are a population that inhabits the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh and the North-East India. The Chakmas are the prime ethnic group in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, making up more than half the tribal population. Chakmas are separated into 46 clans or Gozas. A tribal cluster called Tangchangya is also considered to be a branch of the Chakma people. Both tribes speak the same language, have the same customs and culture, and profess the same religion, Theravada Buddhism

The Marmas (or Maghs): The Marmas are of Burmese (Myanmar) lineage. The Marmas regarded Burma (Myanmar) as the core of their cultural life. Members of the Marma tribe dislike the more broadly used term Maghs, which had come to mean pirates. The Marmas also live in the highland valleys. Although several religions, including Islam, are represented among the Marmas, almost all of the Marmas are Buddhists.

The Tipperas (or Tipras): The Tipperas are almost all Hindus and account for virtually the entire Hindu population of the Chittagong Hills. They had migrated gradually from the northern Chittagong Hills. The northern Tipperas were inclined by Bengali culture.

The Mros (Mrus or Moorangs): The Mros are considered the original population of the Chittagong Hills. They lived on valleys and often fortified their villages. They had no written language of their own, but some could read the Burmese and Bangla scripts. Most of them claimed to be Buddhists, but their religious practices were largely animistic.

Other Tribes: There are also several tribal groups in other parts of the country. Santals are residents of Rajshahi and Dinajpur. Khasis, Garos, and Khajons in Mymensingh and Sylhet regions.

Different tribal groups differed in their social association, marriage customs, foods, birth and death and other social customs and norms from the inhabitants of the rest of the country. They have somehow managed to resist centuries of migration and in the process have retained their own customs, traditions and life.

The Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. The Sunderbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site covering parts of India and Bangladesh.

The Sundarbans National Park is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve located in the Sundarbans delta in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sundarbans South, East and West are three protected forests in Bangladesh. This region is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger.

The name Sundarban can be literally translated as “beautiful forest” in the Bengali language (Shundor, “beautiful” and bon, “forest”). The name may have been derived from the Sundari trees that are found in Sundarbans in large numbers. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name is a corruption of SamudrabanChandra-bandhe (name of a primitive tribe). However, the generally accepted view is the one associated withSundari trees

The Sundarban forest lies in the vast delta on the Bay of Bengal formed by the super confluence of the Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers across southern Bangladesh. The seasonally flooded Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests lie inland from the mangrove forests on the coastal fringe. The forest covers 10,000 km². of which about 6,000 are in Bangladesh. It became inscribed as a UNESCO world heritage site in 1997. The Sundarbans is estimated to be about 4,110 km², of which about 1,700 km² is occupied by waterbodies in the forms of river, canals and creeks of width varying from a few meters to several kilometers.

The Sundarbans Mangroves ecoregion on the coast forms the seaward fringe of the delta and is the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem, with 20,400 square kilometers (7,900 sq mi) of area covered. The dominant mangrove species Heritiera fomes is locally known as sundri or sundari. Mangrove forests are not home to a great variety of plants. They have a thick canopy, and the undergrowth is mostly seedlings of the mangrove trees. Besides the sundari, other species that make up the forest include Avicennia spp., Xylocarpus mekongensis, Xylocarpus granatum, Sonneratia apetala, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Cereops decandra,Aegiceras corniculatum, Rhizophora mucronata, and Nypa fruticans palms

A total 245 genera and 334 plant species were recorded by David Prain in 1903. While most of the mangroves in other parts of the world are characterized by members of the Rhizophoraceae, Avicenneaceae or Laganculariaceae, the mangroves of Bangladesh are dominated by the Sterculiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Dominant flora includes:

The Sundarbans flora is characterized by the abundance of sundari, gewa, goran  and keora all of which occur occur prominently throughout the area. The characteristic tree of the forest is the sundari, from which the name of the forest had probably been derived. It yields a hard wood, used for building houses and making boats, furniture and other things. New forest accretions are often conspicuously dominated by keora and tidal forests. It is an indicator species for newly accreted mudbanks and is an important species for wildlife, especially spotted deer. There is abundance of dhundul or passur  and kankra though distribution is discontinuous. Among palms, Poresia coaractata and Myriostachya wightiana, and among grasses spear grass), khagra and golpata are well distributed.

The varieties of the forests that exist in Sunderbans include mangrove scrub, littoral forest, saltwater mixed forest, brackish water mixed forest and swamp forest. Besides the forest, there are extensive areas of brackish water and freshwater marshes, intertidal mudflats, sandflats, sand dunes with typical dune vegetation, open grassland on sandy soils and raised areas supporting a variety of terrestrial shrubs and trees.

The Sundarbans provides a unique ecosystem and a rich wildlife habitat. According to the 2011 tiger census, the Sundarbans have about 270 tigers. Although previous rough estimates had suggested much higher figures close to 300, the 2011 census provided the first ever scientific estimate of tigers from the area. Tiger attacks are frequent in the Sundarbans. Between 100 and 250 people are killed per year.

There is much more wildlife here than just the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger. Most importantly, mangroves are a transition from the marine to freshwater and terrestrial systems, and provide critical habitat for numerous species of small fish, crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans that adapt to feed and shelter, and reproduce among the tangled mass of roots, known as pneumatophores, which grow upward from the anaerobic mud to get the supply of oxygen. Fishing Cats, Macaques, wild boars, Common Grey Mongooses, Foxes, Jungle Cats, Flying Foxes, Pangolins, and spotted deer are also found in abundance in the Sundarbans.

The endangered species that live within the Sundarbans and extinct species that used to be include the Royal Bengal Tigers, Estuarine Crocodile, Northern river terrapins (Batagur baska), Olive Ridley Turtles, Gangetic dolphin, Ground Turtles, Hawks Bill Turtles and King Crabs (Horse shoe). Some species such as hog deer, water buffalos, Barasingha or swamp deer ,Javan rhinoceros, single horned rhinoceros and the mugger crocodiles or marsh crocodiles started to become extinct in the Sundarbans towards the middle of the 20th century, due to extensive poaching and man hunting by the British. There are several other threatened mammal species, such as the capped langurs ,smooth-coated otters .Oriental small-clawed otters and great Bengal Civets.

The forest also has immense protective and productive functions. Constituting 51% of the total reserved forest estate of Bangladesh, it contributes about 41% of total forest revenue and accounts for about 45% of all timber and fuel wood output of the country (FAO 1995). A number of industries (e.g. newsprint mill, match factory, hardboard, boat building, furniture making) are based on the raw materials obtained from the Sundarbans ecosystem. Various non-timber forest products and plantations help generate considerable employment and income generation opportunities for at least half a million poor coastal population. It also provides natural protection to life and properties of the coastal population in the cyclone prone Bangladesh.

An immense majority (98 percent) of the people of Bangladesh is Bengalis and they speak the Bengali language. Minorities include Biharis numbering 250,000 and other tribes numbering about a million, with the Chakma being most frequent in number. About 83 percent of Bangladeshis are professing Islam as their religion. The next foremost religion is Hinduism (16 precent). Other major religions consist of Buddhism and Christianity.

 A portion of the Indo-European family of languages, Bangla (sometimes called Bengali) is the official language of Bangladesh. Bangladeshis closely categorize themselves with their national language. Bangla has a rich cultural inheritance in literature, music, and poetry, and at least two Bengali poets are well known in the West: Rabindranath Tagore, a Hindu and a Nobel laureate; and Kazi Nazrul Islam, a Muslim known as the “voice of Bengali patriotism and independence.” Bangla has been enriched by several regional dialects. The dialects of Sylhet, Chittagong, and Noakhali have been strongly noticeable by Arab-Persian influences. English, whose cultural influence seemed to have crested by the late 1980s, remained nevertheless an important language in Bangladesh.

Biharis, a group that integrated Urdu-speaking non-Bengali Muslim refugees from Bihar and other parts of northern India, numbered about 1 million in 1971 but had decreased to around 600,000 by the late 1980s. They once subjugated the upper levels of Bengali society. Many also held jobs on the railroads and in heavy industry. As such they stood to lose from Bangladesh independence and sided with Pakistan during the 1971 war. Hundreds of thousands of Biharis were repatriated to Pakistan after the war.

Bangladesh’s tribal population consists of about 1 million people, just fewer than 1 percent of the total population. They live primarily in the Chittagong Hills and in the regions of Mymensingh, Sylhet, and Rajshahi. The majority of the tribal population (778,425) lives in rural settings, where many practice shifting farming. Most tribal people are of SinoTibetan tumble and have idiosyncratic Mongoloid facial appearance. They differ in their social organization, marriage customs, birth and death rites, food, and other social customs from the people of the rest of the country. They speak Tibeto-Burman languages. In the mid-1980s, the percentage allocation of tribal population by religion was Hindu 24, Buddhist 44, Christian 13, and others 19.

The four largest tribes are the Chakmas, Marmas (or Maghs), Tipperas (or Tipras), and Mros (or Moorangs). The tribes lean to intermingle and could be eminent from one another more by differences in their dialect, dress, and customs than by tribal consistency. Only the Chakmas and Marmas display formal tribal organization, although all groups contain different clans. By far the largest tribe, the Chakmas are of mixed origin but reflect more Bengali influence than any other tribe. Unlike the other tribes, the Chakmas and Marmas generally live in the highland valleys. Most Chakmas are Buddhists, but some adept Hinduism or animism. Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world. Most Bangladeshi Muslims are Sunnis, but there is a small Shia population. Among religious festivals of Muslims Eidul Fitr, Eidul Azha, Eiday Miladunnabi, Muharram etc. are high-flying. The controversy that Bengali Muslims are all descended from lower-caste Hindus who were converted to Islam is incorrect; a substantial proportion are descendants of the Muslims who reached the subcontinent from elsewhere.

The Bangladesh National Museum formerly established on 20 March 1913, although under another name, and formally inaugurated on 7 August 1913, was accorded the status of the national museum of Bangladesh on 17 November 1983. It is positioned Shahbag, Dhaka. The museum is well structured and displays have been housed in several departments like department of ethnography and decorative art, department of history and classical art, department of natural history, and department of contemporary and world civilization. The museum also has a maintenance laboratory.

The Liberation War Museum is a museum in Segunbagicha, Dhaka, and the capital of Bangladesh that commemorates the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. A museum opened on 22 March 1996, and has more than 10,000 artifacts and exhibits on display in the museum or stored in its records. A major section records the events of the Language Movement for the gratitude of the Bengali language in Pakistan, which is regarded as the beginning of the movement for Bangladesh’s independence. Several galleries highlight the building sectional disagreement between West Pakistan and Bangladesh, the rise of Bengali nationalist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the events of 1971, when the deferment by Pakistan’s military ruler Gen. Yahya Khan of the convening of the National Assembly of Pakistan, in which Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League had won a majority, led to the call for the independence of Bangladesh. The coverage of the liberation war includes the training and operations of the Mukti Bahini, the guerrilla army built by the Awami League to oppose Pakistani forces. Several galleries focus on the genocide carried out by the Pakistani army against the Bengali population, with Operation Searchlight targeting Bengali intellectuals, students, Hindus and Awami League leaders, and the compassionate crisis created with the pouring of an estimated ten million refugees into neighboring India.

Osmany Museum is a museum in Sylhet, Bangladesh. The ancestors’ home of Bangabir General M A G Osmany, the Commander-in-Chief of Bangladesh Forces has been altered in to today’s famous “Osmany Museum”. This will surely act as a stimulus to the future generations. The foundation stone was laid on 16 February 1985 and it was inaugurated on 4 March 1987 by the then president of Bangladesh H M Ershad.

Zainul Abedin Sangrahashala is an art museum in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Established in 1975, it contains the collections of the artist Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin. The art gallery was established in Mymensingh as this is where the artist used up his early days. Abedin, a pioneer of the country’s modern art movement, created works of art on subject matters such as the Bengal famine of 1943 and the peoples’ independence. The museum is located in the area of Shaheeb Quarter Park on the bank of the Old Bramaputra River.

Varendra Museum is a museum, research center and popular visitor fascination located at the heart of Rajshahi town and maintained by Rajshahi University in Bangladesh. Varendra Museum was the first museum to be established in erstwhile East Bengal in 1910. The museum started out as the collection for Varendra Anushandhan Samiti or Varendra Investigation Society and got its current name in 1919. The Rajahs of Rajshahi and Natore, notably Prince Sharat Kumar Ray, donated their personal collections to Varendra Museum. Varendra refers to an ancient janapada roughly corresponding to modern northern Bangladesh. Excavation at Sompur Bihara was started by the society along with Calcutta University in 1923. In 1964, the museum became a part of Rajshahi University.

The Fish Museum & Biodiversity Center, also known as FMBC, is located in Mymensingh, Bangladesh in a space provided by Bangladesh Agricultural University. The Center, whose goal is to encourage sustainable fishing, has been developed in partnership with Stirling University.

In Bangladesh sports are popular and widespread. Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, with the national team being the top 9th team in the world. Football is the second most popular sport in Bangladesh. Kabaddi is the national sport in Bangladesh.

Cricket: Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh. Bangladesh received its Test status from the International Cricket Council in 2000. Official logo of the Bangladesh national cricket team is the Royal Bengal Tiger, by which they are often referred at media.

The cricketing culture is not a new phenomenon in Bangladesh. Similar to other Indian sub continental countries, the game itself was first introduced to the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta region by the British rulers nearly two centuries ago. Following the liberation war, which ended by Bangladesh gaining independence in 1971, cricket continued to grow in popularity. There is a strong domestic league which on many occasions also saw players from foreign countries gracing the cricket fields of Bangladesh.

Often criticized for their poor performances, but have beaten all the test playing nations once or twice in ODI matches. Bangladesh most recently enjoyed a good run of form, defeating New Zealand 4–0 in a 5 match ODI series held in Mirpur, Dhaka. Bangladesh was one of the hosts of the 2011 Cricket World Cup. They currently hold 9th spot in the ODI and Test ICC World Rankings.

In 2012, Bangladesh hosted the Asia Cup. Pakistan, India, Sri-Lanka, and Bangladesh participated in the tournament. Bangladesh played fantastically throughout the tournament, and for the first time, they played the finals of the Asia Cup. Though they ended as the runners-up, they won the hearts of many people around the world.

Football: After cricket, Football is the second most popular sport in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is currently ranked 134th in the FIFA rankings. Bangladesh became the 2003 South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) champion. SAFF includes South Asian countries and other countries from Asia. The Bangladesh national football team is controlled by the national governing body, the Bangladesh Football Federation, which is a member of FIFA and AFC. The side has yet to qualify for a FIFA World Cup tournament. They were eliminated in the first round of their only Asian Cup appearance to date in 1980. As is the case elsewhere on the subcontinent, the national football team stands somewhat in the shadow of the country’s test cricket team. The team was founded in 1972, and joined FIFA in 1974.

Apart from wins over Indonesia and Thailand in their first ever FIFA World Cup qualification in 1986, Bangladesh has struggled to impose itself. At the regional level, they have also remained in the second echelon while in Asia; the team is constantly trying to avoid being the wooden spoon of their group.

Football in Bangladesh has a huge following which was exemplified when the national team made history in their victory at the South Asian Football Federation Cup in 2003. The South Asia side won the final via penalties over Maldives before 50,000 home supporters.

Kabaddi: Kabaddi is the national sport in Bangladesh. Two teams of seven players occupy opposite halves of a field of 12.5m x 10m divided by a line into two halves. The teams take turns sending a “raider” across to the opposite team’s half, where the goal is to tag or wrestle members of the opposite team before returning to the home half. Tagged members are “out” and are sent off the field. The raider must not take a breath during the raid, and must prove it by constantly chanting during the raid. Meanwhile, the defenders must form a chain, for example by linking hands; if the chain is broken, a member of the defending team is sent off. The goal of the defenders is to stop the raider from returning to the home side before taking a breath.

In 1980, Bangladesh became the runners-up in the first Asian Kabaddi Championship and India emerged as the champion. Bangladesh became runners-up again in the next Asian Kabaddi Championship held in 1985 at Jaipur, India. The Bangladesh national kabaddi team won the bronze medal at the 2006 Asian Games.

Shooting: Bangladesh has won all its medals in shooting at the Commonwealth Games, and South Asian Games. Their key shooter is Asif Hossain Khan, who won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games, representing Bangladesh at the games.

Sports organization: The Sports organization in Bangladesh has undergone many changes in different periods before and after its independence. The Bangladesh Sports Control Board was established in 1972. There are 29 registered federations under this board. These include federations for popular sports such as cricket, football, hockey, tennis, badminton, volleyball, handball, chess, and carom, as well as for wrestling, weightlifting, squash, billiards, and snooker, which are less popular in Bangladesh. Other recognised sports organizations in the country are the district and divisional sports organizations, university sports organizations, and the sports bodies of the armed forces, police and ansar, as well as of public sector corporations, boards and departments such as Bangladesh Biman, BJMC, BTMC, PWD, and Bangladesh Railway.

Bangladesh is primarily an agrarian economy. Agriculture is the single leading producing division of economy since it comprises about 30% of the country’s GDP and employing around 60% of the total labor force. The performance of this sector has an irresistible impact on major macroeconomic objectives like employment cohort, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security.

 Meeting the nation’s food necessities remains the key-objective of the government and in recent years there has been considerable increase in grain production. However, due to calamities like flood, loss of food and cash crops is a chronic phenomenon which disrupts the continuing progress of the entire economy. Agricultural holdings in Bangladesh are commonly small. Through Cooperatives the use of modern machinery is progressively gaining popularity. Rice, Jute, Sugarcane, Potato, Pulses, Wheat, Tea and Tobacco are the principal crops. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector contributing about 72% of total production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10.33%, 10.11% and 7.33% respectively.

Bangladesh is the major producer of World’s best Jute, which also branded as natural jute or raw jute. Rice being the staple food, its production is of major importance. Rice production stood at 20.3 million tons in 1996-97 fiscal years. Crop diversification program, credit, extension and research, and input allocation policies pursued by the government are yielding positive results. The country is now on the doorsill of attaining self-sufficiency in food grain production.

A plurality of Bangladeshis earns their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, wheat is presumptuous greater importance. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh’s fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh’s labor-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production in spite of the often hostile weather conditions. These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks. With 35.8 million metric tons produced in 2000, rice is Bangladesh’s main crop. National sales of the classes of insecticide used on rice, including granular carbofuran, synthetic pyrethroids, and malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of formulated product in 2003. The insecticides not only represent an environmental danger, but are a significant disbursement to poor rice farmers. The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute is functioning with various NGOs and international organizations to reduce insecticide use in rice.

In comparison to rice, wheat output in 1999 was 1.9 million metric tons. Population pressure continues to place a cruel burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign support and commercial imports fill the gap. Underemployment remains a solemn problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh’s agricultural sector will be its ability to soak up additional manpower. Finding alternative sources of employment will continue to be a daunting problem for future governments, particularly with the rising numbers of landless peasants who already account for about half the rural labor force.

Bangladesh Bank is the Central bank of Bangladesh and is a member of the Asian Clearing Union.  After the liberation war, and the eventual independence of Bangladesh, the Government of Bangladesh reorganized the Dhaka branch of the State Bank of Pakistan as the central bank of the country, and named it Bangladesh Bank. This reorganization was done pursuant to Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, and the Bangladesh Bank came into existence with retrospective effect from 16 December 1971.

Functions: Like all other central banks across the globe, Bangladesh Bank is both the Government’s banker and the banker’s bank, a “Lender of the Last Resort”. Bangladesh Bank, like most of the central banks of different countries, exercises monopoly over the issue of currency and the banknotes. Except for the 1 and 2 taka notes, it issues all other denominations of Bangladeshi Taka .Credit control, Clearing House, Control Money Market, Job creation, Agricultural development, Industrial development, and Natural resources development are also the functions of Bangladesh Bank. The bank is active in developing financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. The Bank also has a number of departments under it, namely Debt Management Dept, Law Dept, and so on, each headed by one or more General Managers.^[4] The Bank has nine physical branches in Bangladesh, in Motijheel, Sadarghat, Barisal, Khulna, Sylhet, Bogra, Rajshahi, Rangpur and Chittagong, each headed by a General Manager (the Motijheel branch, the HQ, has two GMs).

In 1982, the first reform program was initiated, where the government denationalized two of the six nationalized commercial banks and permitted local private banks to create competition in the banking sector. In 1986, a National Commission on Money, Banking and Credit was appointed to recover the problems of the banking sector and a number of steps were taken for the recovery targets for the nationalized commercial banks and development financial institutions and prohibiting defaulters from getting new loans, yet, the efficiency of the banking sectors could not be improved.

The Financial Sector Adjustment Credit (FSAC) and Financial Sector Reform Program (FSRP) were formed in 1990, upon contracts with the World Bank with the objective to remove government distortions and lessen the financial repression. The policies made use of the McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis which stated that removing distortions will augment efficiency in the credit market and increase competition. The policies therefore involved banks to provide loans on commercial basis, enhance banks’ efficiency and to limit government control to the monetary policy only. FSRP forced banks to have a minimum capital adequacy, to systematically classify loans and to implement modern accounting systems and computerized systems. It forced the central bank to free up interest rates, revise financial laws, and to increase supervision in the credit market. The government also developed the capital market, which too was performing poorly.

However, FSRP was expired in 1996 and afterward the Government of Bangladesh formed a Bank Reform Committee (BRC) whose recommendations were largely remained unaddressed by the then government.

The commercial banking system dominates Bangladesh’s financial sector. Bangladesh Bank is the Central Bank of Bangladesh and the chief regulatory authority in the sector. The banking system is composed of four state-owned commercial banks, five specialized development banks, thirty private commercial Banks and nine foreign commercial banks. The Nobel-prize winning Grameen Bank is a specialized micro-finance institution, which revolutionized the concept of micro-credit and contributed greatly towards poverty reduction and the empowerment of women in Bangladesh.

State-owned Commercial Banks: The banking system of Bangladesh is dominated by the 4 Nationalized Commercial Banks In which 3 is totally controlled by government and 1 (Rupali Bank) bank is controlled by both government and private sector which together controlled more than 54% of deposits and operated 3388 branches (54% of the total) as of December 31, 2004. The nationalized commercial banks are:

• Sonali Bank
• Agrani Bank
• Rupali Bank
• Janata Bank

Private Commercial Banks: Private Banks is the highest growth sector due to the dismal performances of government banks (above). They tend to offer better service and products. Now 31 private commercial banks are operating in Bangladesh. Here is the list -

• United Commercial Bank Limited
• Mutual Trust Bank Limited
• BRAC Bank Limited
• Eastern Bank Limited
• Dutch Bangla Bank Limited
• Dhaka Bank Limited
• Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd
• Uttara Bank Limited
• Pubali Bank Limited
• IFIC Bank Limited
• National Bank Limited
• The City Bank Limited
• NCC Bank Limited
• Mercantile Bank Limited
• Prime Bank Limited
• Southeast Bank Limited
• Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited
• Social Islami Bank Limited
• Standard Bank Limited
• One Bank Limited
• Exim Bank Limited
• Bangladesh Commerce Bank Limited
• First Security Islami Bank Limited
• The Premier Bank Limited
• Bank Asia Limited
• Trust Bank Limited
• Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited
• Jamuna Bank Limited
• ICB Islamic Bank
• AB Bank

Foreign Commercial Banks: 10 Foreign Commercial Banks are operating in Bangladesh. These are -

• Citibank
• HSBC
• Standard Chartered Bank
• Commercial Bank of Ceylon
• State Bank of India
• Habib Bank Limited
• National Bank of Pakistan
• Bank Alfalah
• ICICI Bank
• Woori Bank

Specialized Development Banks: Out of the specialized banks, two (Bangladesh Krishi Bank and Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank- only for the development of the agriculture of the north Bengal of Bangladesh) were created to meet the credit needs of the agricultural sector while the other two (Bangladesh Shilpa Bank (BSB) & Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Sangtha (BSRS) are for extending term loans to the industrial sector. The Specialized banks are:

• Karmasangsthan Bank
• Bangladesh Krishi Bank
• Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank
• Progoti Co-operative Landmortgage Bank Limited (Progoti BanK)
• Grameen Bank
• Bangladesh Development Bank Ltd
• Bangladesh Somobay Bank Limited(Cooperative Bank)
• Ansar VDP Unnyan Bank
• BASIC Bank Limited (Bangladesh Small Industries and Commerce Bank Limited)
• The Dhaka Mercantile Co-operative Bank Limited (DMCBL).

Bangladesh is a riverine, low-lying country located in South Asia with a largely marshy jungle coastline of 710 km (441 mi) on the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal. Formed by a delta plain at the confluence of the Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and Meghna Rivers and their tributaries, Bangladesh’s alluvial soil is highly fertile, but vulnerable to flood and drought. Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity. Natural disasters, such as floods, tornadoes, and tidal bores affect the country yearly. Bangladesh also is affected by major cyclones, on average 16 times a decade.

Bangladesh has a humid monsoon climate characterized by wide seasonal variations in rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity. Three seasons are generally recognized: a hot, muggy summer from March to June; a hot, humid and rainy monsoon season from June to November; and a warm-hot, dry winter from December to February. In general, maximum summer temperatures range between 38 and 41 °C (100.4 and 105.8 °F). April is the hottest month in most parts of the country. January is the coolest month, when the average temperature for most of the country is 16–20 °C (61–68 °F) during the day and around 10 °C (50 °F) at night.

Winds are frequently from the north and northwest in the winter, blowing gently at 1 to 3 kilometers per hour (0.6 to 1.9 mph) in northern and central areas and 3 to 6 kilometers per hour (1.9 to 3.7 mph) near the coast. From March to May, violent thunderstorms, called northwesters by local English speakers, produce winds of up to 60 kilometers per hour (37.3 mph). During the intense storms of the early summer and late monsoon season, southerly winds of more than 160 kilometers per hour (99.4 mph) cause waves to crest as high as 6 meters (19.7 ft) in the Bay of Bengal, which brings disastrous flooding to coastal areas.

Heavy rainfall is characteristic of Bangladesh causing it to flood every year. With the exception of the relatively dry western region of Rajshahi, where the annual rainfall is about 1,600 mm (63.0 in), most parts of the country receive at least 2,300 mm (90.6 in) of rainfall per year. Because of its location just south of the foothills of the Himalayas, where monsoon winds turn west and northwest, the region of Sylhet in northeastern Bangladesh receives the greatest average precipitation.

About 80 % of Bangladesh’s rain falls during the monsoon season. The monsoons result from the contrasts between low and high air pressure areas that result from differential heating of land and water. During the hot months of April and May hot air rises over the Indian subcontinent, creating low-pressure areas into which rush cooler, moisture-bearing winds from the Indian Ocean. This is the southwest monsoon, commencing in June and usually lasting through September. Dividing against the Indian landmass, the monsoon flows in two branches, one of which strikes western India. The other travels up the Bay of Bengal and over eastern India and Bangladesh, crossing the plain to the north and northeast before being turned to the west and northwest by the foothills of the Himalayas.

In Bangladesh, the profession of accountancy developed during the British colonial period. Today it is represented by two professional bodies, the Institute of Cost & Management Accountants of Bangladesh (ICMAB) and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB).

Chartered Accountants complete their training in practicing firms and specialize in financial accounting, financial audit and tax. CMAs receive particular training in cost audit, management audit and management accounting, as well as general accounting and taxation. Both the ICMAB and ICAB are under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce. The Government of Bangladesh considers both type of professional accountants equal in respect of employment in government services.

The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in Bangladesh is based upon standards set by the ICAB, which has stated its intention to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards. As of 2001, 23 such standards had already been adopted, and listed companies are required to use IFRS.

ICMAB: The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh (ICMAB) at Nilkhet, Dhaka, Bangladesh is the only institution in the country dedicated to Cost and Management Accounting education and research. It is managed as an self-directed professional body under the Ministry of Commerce. As well as education, it is also engaged in regulating and promoting the profession of cost and management accounting in Bangladesh. The Institute is managed by a National Council of 16 members. It is a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA), and South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA).

ICMAB members are known as CMAs with their designatory title ACMA and FCMA. They play leading roles in the accountancy and finance profession in Bangladesh. 30% of members live and work in UK, USA, Canada, Australia and Gulf Countries. ICMAB UK Chapter is a lively forum for members working in the UK The Institute’s vision is to help Bangladesh become an industrialized nation by promoting and regulating the Cost and Management Accounting profession towards market economy to enhance economic competitiveness and quality of life.

The Institute’s mission is to develop, equip and promote Cost and Management Accounting profession by maintaining highest professional standard of its members in order to enable them to provide better services to the society. The Institute is entrusted with the formulation and implementation of National Accounting as well as Cost Accounting Standards and take other necessary steps with a view to regulating the Cost and Management Accounting profession commensurate with global standard with the ultimate objective of developing Bangladesh’s human and natural resources to ensure common welfare and to enrich our shared future

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) is the national professional accountancy body in Bangladesh. It is the sole organization in the Bangladesh with the right to award the Chartered Accountant designation. It was established under the Bangladesh Chartered Accountants Order 1973 (Presidential Order No. 2 of 1973). The mission of ICAB is to provide leadership in the development, enhancement and coordination of the accountancy profession in Bangladesh in order to enable the profession to provide services of consistently high quality in the public interest. ICAB is also a member of Asia Oceania Tax Consultants’ Association (AOTCA)